Classroom Uses For Descriptive Writing Prompts

Classroom Uses For Descriptive Writing PromptsIf you are a teacher at a high school, then it is highly recommended that you will consider using some of the descriptive writing prompts available online. A lot of teachers find it hard to teach when they are trying to get their students to write because they do not know how to write very well in the first place. Many times students just get the topic wrong and instead of getting the assignment right, they usually end up having to write a full paper that is going to be completely irrelevant to the topic of the assignment.The problem with this is that if you cannot write in a particular area of your course, then you are going to be teaching just as much as the other good students. The students that are usually taught best are not the ones who can write well. It is actually the students that need to work on in order to become a great writer. They need to improve their writing skills and even if you cannot help them with the subject, there are still many other ways you can help them.One way to help your students improve their writing skills is to use the writing prompts. This is something that many teachers tend to do when they feel like they are not able to get the assignment right. They sometimes even end up saying that the assignment was too difficult or something like that. The truth is that they simply did not expect the assignment to be that difficult to accomplish, but due to lack of skills, they are struggling to complete the assignment.If you have students that are struggling with assignments, then it is highly recommended that you at least look into this type of program so that you can help them out. The reason why is because it is not difficult to create these programs and it is very inexpensive as well. If you teach high school students, then this is something that you are going to want to try because it is very important to the success of your students.There are many different types of writing prompts tha t you can use to help your students out. You can choose from things like how to open a file or how to get something out of the file. It could be anything that is relevant to the topic of the assignment.You will also want to look into the actual paper that they have to write. This will show that they really understand the topic of the assignment. It can also show that they understand what the topic of the paper is. It can make a huge difference in their grades on the actual paper that they have to write.Once you have chosen the correct writing prompt for your student, you can even use it again. After you choose the prompt, you can take this idea and you can write the essay in the same way that you did last time. This can really help your students get the results that they want and can help them feel like they are contributing to the class.If you are a teacher at a high school and you feel that you need help, then it is highly recommended that you consider using some of the descriptiv e writing prompts available online. It is important that you help your students learn writing skills in order to give them the best chance possible to succeed in their future education.

Native Americans and European Colonists Essay Example for Free

Local Americans and European Colonists Essay Toward the beginning of the seventeenth century, Native Americans welcomed European pioneers with much energy. They viewed pilgrims as bizarre, however were intrigued to find out about the new instruments and weapons Europeans carried with them. The local individuals were more than pleasing to the pioneers, yet as time passed, Europeans exploited their liberality. â€Å"Once these newcomers landed and started to feel their way over the landmass, they always adjusted the course and pace of local turn of events. † Native Americans and Europeans confronted numerous contentions because of their tremendous contrasts in language, religion and culture. European settlers’ failure to comprehend and regard Native Americans lead to numerous battles that would in the long run eject into rough fighting. Numerous locals figured the outfitted Europeans would have the option to shield them from their all the more impressive local adversaries. Much of the time, Europeans helped locals in fighting. Samuel de Champlain, a basic figure in the foundation of the New France settlement, helped the Montganais, Algonkaian and Hurons in their battle against the Iroquois. Champlain and his clans utilized European guns to alarm and destruction their foes. â€Å"The Iroquois were abundantly shocked that two men ought to have been murdered so rapidly, despite the fact that they were given shields made of cotton string woven together and wood, which were verification against their bolts. † In decades to come, Europeans were not be so amicable toward Native Americans, utilizing guns to take local grounds and assets. Local Americans depended on â€Å"gift exchange† framework that permitted various clans to have some expertise in the creation of a specific merchandise. They would exchange their merchandise with other local clans. Local Americans would have liked to fuse Europeans into this framework. For some time, locals traded skins and stows away, getting wampum, sacrosanct blue and white shell dots, in return from the pioneers. â€Å"Exchange is implied the exchanging of material products as well as trades across network lines of marriage accomplices, assets, work, thoughts, strategies and strict practices. † Natives liberally shared their effects, supplies, nourishment, and the aptitudes important for endurance in the New World with the pioneers. In return, pioneers gave Natives malady, demise and denied them of their territories. Inside ten years of the principal appearance of European pioneers, the Natives welcome had exhausted. The pioneers had showed up on the scene in light of two goals with respect to the Native Americans: get their property and convert them to Christianity. Europeans made a decision about locals for their diverse language, their absence of attire, and the nonattendance of government and religion in their general public. The Europeans set up their own arrangement of laws on local soil and considered locals responsible to these laws. Any penetrate of European law by Natives dwelling in the territory brought about open embarrassment, a training new to Native society. More complexities gathered because of their tremendous contrasts in language, religion and culture, yet it was the varying perspectives ashore, that caused rough clash. With an ever increasing number of Europeans showing up in America, they required more land to settle and develop crops. Likewise, as of now, the interest of tobacco was enormously expanding. The tobacco business measured for the vast majority of the settlers’ sends out. To develop tobacco, pilgrims required huge plots of land. In the Native American’s eyes, the land was to be imparted to the European. Locals had no comprehension of the selling of land to European pilgrims. Europeans utilized this furthering their potential benefit, getting huge plots of land without completely clarifying the provisions of the exchange to the locals, or appropriately paying them. From the start, locals offered land to Europeans, accepting that this understanding would at present permit them to utilize the land. Afterward, they understood that Europeans were quickly setting up private uses on these terrains. Homesteaders emphatically questioned local settlements on the grounds that they wanted to build up organizations on. A lot more issues emerged since the appearance of Europeans in America. Europeans presented an assortment of lethal illnesses to North America that Native Americans had never been presented to. The pilgrims and voyagers brought measles, smallpox, cholera, and yellow fever, which radically obliterating the Native American populace. â€Å"The gathered insight of ages could evaporate surprisingly fast if affliction struck more seasoned individuals from the network who kept sacrosanct customs and showed unique aptitudes. † Not just did the locals dread for their own lives, they dreaded for the people in the future of local individuals. They expected that their conventions and culture would be everlastingly lost. The connection between Native Americans and Europeans started as a route for Europeans to find out about the grounds they wished to occupy. Locals can be given acknowledgment for showing the primary pioneers how to get by in the new land. Because of the insatiability and presumption of the European pioneers, relations with locals went bad. This battle of conjunction would proceed into the nineteenth century, bringing about the staggering abuse of Native Americans. [ 1 ]. James H. Marrell, â€Å"The Indians New World,† Major Problems in American History, (Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012), 17. [ 2 ]. Samuel de Champlain, The Works of Samuel de Champlain (Toronto, 1925), 89â€101. [ 3 ]. Neal Salisbury, â€Å"The Indians Old World,† Major Problems in American History, (Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012), 25. [ 4 ]. Collin G. Calloway, â€Å"Voices from the Shore,† The World Turned Upside Down, (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1994), 21. [ 5 ]. Marrell, â€Å"The Indians New World,† 18.

University of the Sciences College Essay Topics - The Start of A Good Education

<h1>University of the Sciences College Essay Topics - The Start of A Good Education</h1><p>The University of the Sciences College Essay Topics is a first year program that gives understudies an extremely wide determination of composing openings. Regardless of whether they are studying a related control, or simply making a progress from secondary school to school, this program will give them the entirety of the extraordinary composing assignments that they have to sharpen their scholastic aptitudes. With an assortment of school paper subjects to look over, they make certain to discover a theme that they can tackle.</p><p></p><p>Schools that offer this program are more costly than a standard two-year school course. Understudies might be required to focus on an entire four years of study. Since it is additionally viewed as an essential for some propelled examinations, most understudies try out a two-year program. It is dependent upon the underst udy to pick the amount they wish to pay for their training. Some have grants accessible for low-salary understudies and will give free tuition.</p><p></p><p>The University of the Sciences College Essay Topics are extremely simple to get to in view of the web. Understudies can pick a theme from the numerous books accessible at the library or browse a rundown of free sites on the web. On the off chance that they are not happy with attempting to explore a point themselves, they can generally go to the library and get a book.</p><p></p><p>One of the significant subjects canvassed in the course is English Composition. Understudies who are studying an auxiliary field can pick one of the early on expositions, for example, 'Diversion and Elegance'Nature in Art'. Those hoping to concentrate on a particular theme can look over paper subjects like 'Material science and the Universe'Understanding the Intellectual Life'. Whatever the subject, under studies can discover a few kinds of composing assignments that they can handle at the University of the Sciences College Essay Topics.</p><p></p><p>Those who are contemplating a science major can look over a few points to take a shot at. Understudies can expound on the historical backdrop of their preferred subject, the magnificence of nature, or whatever else that intrigues them. Since there are such a large number of points to look over, understudies should choose one that they feel great with. A decent composing task will show the peruser precisely why they should think about the understudy as a future writer.</p><p></p><p>Not everybody is incredible at open talking. This is particularly valid for youngsters, since they don't typically get enough chances to rehearse. In the event that they don't get an opportunity to rehearse before entering school, they should make a meeting with a discourse mentor. Since there are a lot of free di scourse experts accessible on the web, they can assist understudies with creating and tweak their addresses. Regardless of whether they didn't get an encouragement to talk at graduation, it doesn't imply that they can't even now practice.</p><p></p><p>The University of the Sciences College Essay Topics can furnish understudies with a lot of chances to become familiar with the specialty of composing and furthermore assist them with building a solid establishment for the following scarcely any long periods of their life. Understudies will get an opportunity to encounter composing and scholarly achievement. Regardless of whether they decided to focus on their coursework or compose their own scholastic papers, they will appreciate the experience.</p>

Essay Topics - Write for Controversial Issues

<h1>Essay Topics - Write for Controversial Issues</h1><p>What is the principal thing that rings a bell when you consider article points? You have presumably thought of words like 'your concern', 'arrangement', 'opportunity', 'presentation', 'stalemate', and maybe 'challenge'. All these are normal yet can likewise be very different.</p><p></p><p>Each of these theme decisions can be utilized in an article, notwithstanding, not all paper points will be utilized as a solitary subject. Ordinarily these various points are utilized as various segments. For instance, you may decide to expound on a statement from Gandhi, a tune from Bob Dylan, or a research project on the subject of atomic war.</p><p></p><p>The selection of inquiries and even the inquiries themselves ought to mirror your own perspective. To get thoughts for paper themes have a go at asking yourself inquiries, for example, 'what is your most serious issue at the present time?' 'what would you like to do with your life?' or 'what are you planning to accomplish in the future?'</p><p></p><p>It is fundamental that you write in a conversational tone when composing. You can utilize shifted jargon to assist you with communicating your point and give alternatives to answers. Try not to keep your perusers perusing long passages of language structure with single word toward the end since it will seem dull and too formal.</p><p></p><p>To assist you with traveling through your paper all the more effectively, split it into shorter segments and afterward chip away at the different inquiries that you need replied. Utilize each segment as your beginning point.</p><p></p><p>While perusing you will think that its simpler to peruse over a segment that is completely unique in relation to different pieces of the article on the off chance that it is altogether new. This likewise causes you to be somewhat more expository in your reasoning. Having the option to recognize patterns will assist you with writing something other than an expression or two.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies discover this system more successful than composing something that is for a particular timeframe. At times a subject may not be pertinent or this timespan has passed and you might not have had the option to follow what was written in the past.</p>

Exemplary Essay Topics For Philosophy

<h1>Exemplary Essay Topics For Philosophy</h1><p>The decision of model exposition subjects for reasoning is significant. The word 'models' might be utilized to mean two things. A few people utilize the term to signify 'just that which is now settled in a composed correspondence, for example, an exposition, journal, or paper article.' Other individuals utilize the term to mean the genuine article, to be taken truly: 'that which has been appeared through real use.'</p><p></p><p>In actuality, there is no critical distinction between the two classifications. 'Models' amounts to nothing under 'composed description'written documentation.' It ought to never be taken truly. All things considered, however, models in this classification are valuable for the planned reason for helping understudies to apply a hypothesis or idea when they experience it.</p><p></p><p>You could likewise consider the 'models' class as something totall y unique: Examples can be utilized as exposition points for theory, on the off chance that you need to. That is on the grounds that they are not fundamentally expected to give data. They are planned to assist understudies with understanding certain ideas better and ideally to apply them all the more successfully in their own writing.</p><p></p><p>One case of this can be found in conversation gatherings. Conversation gatherings can be utilized to assist understudies with understanding certain philosophical thoughts better and to apply them all the more viably in their own composition. For instance, it may assist with showing that subjectivity is a solid human characteristic.</p><p></p><p>One more model can be found in the significance of research and argumentation in article points for theory. An understudy needs to figure out how to utilize basic speculation abilities so as to appropriately apply a philosophical idea. On the off chance that they don't think basically, they are probably not going to utilize that idea to deliver an important and convincing contention. In the event that they don't think basically, they are probably not going to create an elegantly composed essay.</p><p></p><p>The significance of models in article themes for theory reaches out past the self-evident. They can give inspiration and motivation to understudies, also. Inspiration is one of the most significant things that an understudy can get from a paper. At the point when they read about how different understudies arrived at a specific philosophical resolution, they get motivation and some consolation to make their own.</p><p></p><p>Inspiration can likewise be found in the models that understudies use to help their contentions. By understanding what others have done to come to a particular end result, understudies can get spurred to do something very similar themselves. By contrasting thei r own contentions with those of others, they can increase an a lot more prominent comprehension of the theme and potentially even grow new arguments.</p><p></p><p>Example article subjects for reasoning to give understudies an abundance of thoughts to be utilized in their own composition. By permitting understudies to utilize the standards of rationale, they can rapidly and handily become acquainted with the ideas of theory and structure their own solid contentions. Much the same as composing articles, composing expositions requires discipline and practice.</p>

The One Thing to Do for Student Argument Essay Samples

<h1> The One Thing to Do for Student Argument Essay Samples </h1> <h2>The Importance of Student Argument Essay Samples </h2> <p>Arguments consistently happen in a particular setting. Turning out to be in a situation to make a solid contention can assist you with prevailing in society.</p> <p>Many individuals are slanted to make powerless contentions because of the way that they don't have a clue how to make a convincing contention. Basic reasoning is requested! The best procedures to acknowledge the general public and permit it to be acknowledge you. </p> <p>One other significant aspect is to keep up your words brief and not veer off from the theme matter open. In the event that you wish to realize what a contentious paper is, the absolute first thing you have to recollect is that its essential goal is to persuade the crowd to acknowledge your perspective. Anyway, immediate and backhanded statements are basic to help your comprehension of scholastic composing style. With an appropriate methodology, inspiration and dedication of time, you will absolutely succeed! </p> <h2>Student Argument Essay Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! </h2> <p>When choosing a definition, remember that there are a lot of sorts of moral contentions and that the course you contend for your particular case depends in enormous part on how you characterize your terms. So as to exhibit that your case is right, you may need to build your contention in steps. Each guarantee should be clarified in an alternate passage. When it appears to be very plain as day, invalidating the cases may be precarious business venture. </p> <h2> What You Don't Know About Student Argument Essay Samples</h2> <p>Once you get a thought, the act of composing will be a lot less complex. In the event that you don't have an inclination to sit around on picking the best point and composing the whole factious paper without any preparation, remember that you've a dedicated gathering of experts close by. At long last, towards the finish of your decision, you can ponder the manner by which the exposition looks at to something different, for example, present day events or what's to come. Recall you may cause amusing contentious papers in the event that you to do a couple of things. </p> <p>It is essential to specify that the thought shouldn't be a decent one. You should initially settle on a decent point with a contention, solid data to reinforce your perspective, a decent position on your side, and an amazing counter-contention that will assist you with sounding less one-sided. A far reaching contention As referenced previously, a contention shouldn't be formal. To put it in an unexpected way, a moral contention attempts to show that a specific issue is either ethically right or wrong. </p> <p>The last point to watch is the best approach to make an end for an informative article. Most altogether, an extraordinary theory articulation makes an announcement. In the event that you pick to spare your time and request an article from our expert authors, you can be sure that it will be exclusively composed and altered distinctly for you and no one else will have comparative paper.</p> <p>Argumentative article is accepted to be one of the most troublesome assignments to wrap up. Article composing in essence is no straightforward endeavor to do. </p> <p>On Star-Writers blog you'd be in a situation to reveal a great deal of test pugnacious expositions, alongside articles on well known points, which may rouse you with a couple of intriguing recommendations for your own arrangement. When asking us how to start a contentious article, numerous understudies overlook that they should start with a blueprint. </p> <p>Every pugnacious paper ought to rely upon a subject which can be discussed. Contentious paper group is reliant on your educator's necessities, in light of the fact that there isn't any commonplace example for each and every exposition. The brilliant pugnacious Scholarship Essay Samples arrangements and tests are simply world-class, and they will motivate people to compose contentious expositions in different rivalries. </p>

Different Types of Writing Scores

<h1>Different Types of Writing Scores</h1><p>There are numerous sorts of Writing Scores, with various directions, and levels of trouble. Some are short and basic; others are long and included. Each sort of composing score requires an alternate style of instructing and requires an alternate number of training test inquiries to ace before attempting another composing score.</p><p></p><p>An article is an unexpected test in comparison to a report, for instance. Since an exposition will incorporate progressively linguistic and content investigation, its degree of trouble is somewhat higher. Since it is frequently expected of understudies as a graduation prerequisite, a few schools and colleges have made separate Writing Scores for these distinctive composing formats.</p><p></p><p>The first Writing Score incorporates the composition of papers, and as such is genuinely simple. You'll be given a paper to peruse that has the ar rangement stamps and tone rules. These can be changed by including or erasing sections based on your very own preference as well as supplanting entries in a paper with elective contentions. This is the most well-known type of Writing Score.</p><p></p><p>The second Writing Score incorporates the composition of research papers, short papers, and such. Most composing scores expect you to utilize an exploration guide, or you'll need to compose the examination all alone. This may not be an issue for most authors, however it's an incredible open door for the individuals who need to abstain from doing an excessive amount of research.</p><p></p><p>The third composing score is frequently known as the reviewed paper. Not at all like other composing tests, this one doesn't require any composing at all. Rather, you'll basically respond to yes or no inquiries on an archive's design and introduction. With regards to this composing score, there is ge nerally an inquiry concerning an assortment of themes, for example, references, citations, spelling, language structure, thus on.</p><p></p><p>If you'vegot a Writing Score to take when you start your senior year, there is no preferable time over during finals week to handle a last test of the year or two. You'll have the option to compose the last article of the semester in the event that you decide to do as such, and when this occurs, you ought to have the option to finish the task absent a lot of difficulty. You may need to wipe out some different pieces of the task so as to focus on composing the last bit of the task. All things considered, don't hesitate to incorporate a strategy for obtaining the data required for the article, as long as you adhere to the guidelines given to you.</p><p></p><p>Every understudy ought to likewise have a Writing Score to take toward the finish of every semester. These are commonly short and simple to compose expositions for, in spite of the fact that they are very intense for papers and considerably longer-term ventures. Most Writing Scores expect you to set up the 'foundation' you'll use to help your contention, so you'll have to get this data together before you begin composing the exposition. Many Writing Scores additionally expect you to audit the inquiries ahead of time, and you may need to do as such in the event that you don't comprehend the headings in advance.</p><p></p><p>As expressed over, the Writing Score is utilized so as to check whether you have what it takes important to finish a paper. It will likewise decide if you comprehend the guidelines you've been given and whether you can accomplish the objectives of the task. It ought to likewise be noticed that the Writing Score is not quite the same as the Writing Essay.</p>

Pharmaceutical Testing Industry

<h1>Pharmaceutical Testing Industry</h1><p>The significance of having the option to design your article is to such an extent that most understudies go through a long time attempting to make sense of how to introduce their examples. This can really appear as a gigantic rundown of tests and you end up simply utilizing the same.</p><p></p><p>Most understudies have come to discover this a significant huge amazement when they have at last got their assignments and notice that there are no examples accessible. That is on the grounds that there is so much time spent on composing a paper and on the off chance that you can't utilize it for something, for what reason should you put in so much effort.</p><p></p><p>Here are some example addresses you can use to design your exposition. They are very simple to compose and on the off chance that you pick the correct ones, you will have the option to get a great deal of thoughts from them.</p><p></p><p>The initial one that you should take a gander at is; 'A youngster sees a lady driving with her back to the contrary mass of a structure. A couple of moments later, she severs down and slips the side of the structure. The youngster quickly drives her to the medical clinic and attempts to ensure that she gets to the emergency clinic when possible.</p><p></p><p>The second inquiry is; 'The reason does the young lady separate?' What are the reasons that caused her? You ought to have the option to respond to this inquiry as well.</p><p></p><p>The last inquiry is the one that is likely the least complex thus you can without much of a stretch use it as a straightforward model. In the last passage, you are going to find out about an exploration venture that was finished by the student.</p><p></p><p>In the past sections, you referenced that there is where you need to settle on a choice about the entire undertaking. This will be the inquiry that you are going to use.</p><p>Sample Essay Questions - How to Write Sample Essay Questions</p><p>&lt;|startoftext|&gt; PARACOUNT 4 SENTCOUNT <atopics> pharmaceutical testing ENDPARAM</atopics></p><p>Pharmaceutical testing industry is one of the most mainstream enterprises in the present society. With the interest of various meds and its costs, the pharmaceutical business is getting increasingly critical to the world economy. The United States spends more than seven trillion dollars consistently for medicine. This cash spent on prescriptions is proportional to the amount we spend on the whole economy!</p><p></p><p>The pharmaceutical organizations produce in excess of 300,000 new drugs each year. These prescriptions, in any case, are tried through pharmaceutical testing, which comprises of clinical examinations, to test for reactions and to g uarantee the security of the medications. Numerous infections, sicknesses, and scatters were already obscure medicines or cures.</p><p></p><p>There are a few sorts of pharmaceutical testing systems. Among these, the clinical investigation is viewed as the most ideal approach to make the last medication item. Clinical examinations are utilized to decide the impact of the medication on the human body and to give verification to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the medication to be sold. Pharmaceutical testing additionally empowers organizations to test for the impacts of new medications for different maladies. With this kind of testing, the organization can make numerous adaptations of another medication. This implies they can consistently test the medication for safety.</p><p></p><p>Pharmaceutical testing for a pharmaceutical organization is basic. The organization utilizes sedate testing so as to ensure the item they will dis charge to the general population. The test is utilized to guarantee that the item satisfies the guidelines set by the FDA. With the huge measure of benefits, the organization utilizes better approaches to build the creation of a particular drug.</p>

Which Question Can Most Help a Writer Revise an Argumentative Essay

Which Question Can Most Help a Writer Revise an Argumentative Essay?Which question can most help a writer revise an argumentative essay? Yes, I know you are reading the title of this article and you are certainly getting annoyed that I will ask it. Well, to be honest, writing an argumentative essay is one of the most difficult things you can do.In order to really learn how to write a good essay, you have to ask yourself, 'what will help me revise my essay?' Which question can most help a writer revise an argumentative essay?One of the first things you should do is to do a little research. The Internet is a great source of information. Many websites will give you answers to your questions. However, it will not be appropriate to post your essay anywhere online unless you have the permission from the author.In fact, you should only take up one or two of these websites. This will give you an opportunity to meet other writers and hear their opinions on the subject.One of the most importan t thing you need to understand when writing an essay is to stick to facts. While it may sound simple, in reality, it is very hard to keep your arguments from falling apart. If you leave out some vital information, then your essay will become very vague. When your essay is full of vague points, it is very difficult to say what the author believes.If you are serious about writing an argumentative essay, the next thing you have to do is to improve your grammar. Your essay should be read in its entirety. You cannot possibly put in so much information without making errors.One important thing you should remember is to use critical thinking. Thinking critically is very important in order to determine what is truly important. If you don't, then you may end up with a well-written essay, but not an argumentative one. To use critical thinking, all you have to do is to analyze the essay as if you were a reader.A great writer knows when to stop. To recap, if you want to learn how to revise an a rgumentative essay, you must remember the following three things. First, you must do some research, second, you must use critical thinking and finally, you must use your best judgment.

The External and Internal Environment Assignment - Free Essay Example

TASK 1 Discuss the importance of environmental analysis in managing business organisations. Differentiate external and internal environment. Give at least 3 variables in the external and internal environment. Discuss the potential effects of these variables to the business entity. In what way the stakeholders can affect the future of the business? External and Internal Environment Some of the internal and external environment are:- Internal environment include inside the association, which are the worker mentality, new gear, methodology, workforces. The association has the control of these matters in light of the fact that it happen inside the association unless like nature. For the nature, is obviously expressed with the saying outer itself which implies outside of the associations which impact the progressions in the association which the association does not have the control of it. Outside environment are included by thePolitical, Economy, Social, Technology, Legal and Environment. (Class Discussion) b. Ordinary management and Strategic management Management: Accomplishing work through individuals. Thats the exemplary business school meaning of administration. Vital Management: Setting objectives and destinations for a venture (a business or organization as a ruleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢). Strategic approach in managing an organization by taking into consideration the environmental forces: technological, commercial, economic, financial, political, regulatory, socio-cultural and physical environments, service markets.( books.google.co.nz/books?id=xelnAgAAQBAJ) c. Stakeholders and customers Stakeholders refer to individuals and groups that have interest in the organization and/or its products or services. Stakeholders may include but are not limited to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" customers, suppliers, owners, shareholders, lenders, managers, employees, employee organizations, local community, competitors and regulatory bodies. They are each one of the individuals who have a stake in the association, i.e., who have a certain enthusiasm toward the presence of the association, yet the association does not EXIST for the stakeholder. It tries to fulfill the needs of stakeholders by fulfilling the needs of its customers. Stakeholders are the driven power. Not the main impetu s. Customers are the reason for which the association exists and stakeholders are each one of those diversions, inward and outside, that met up with the end goal of fulfilling customer needs and in doing so expect some return for their exertion. Customers are those who pay money to get services and can demand for services.( smallbusiness.chron.com) 1.1 Give at least 3 variables in the external and internal environment. Two variables internal factors: Staff satisfaction, business management, research and development. 1: strengths of the business 2: Rules and regulation of the company 1: The strengths of the company: workers, promotion scheme and communication skills are some of the basic strengths of the company. If the promotion plan is not good and your staff is not doing their job properly it will surely effect the internal working of the company. 2. Rules and regulation of the company: If you want to make good business rules of your organization it shou ld also be followed and implemented for the better working of organisation as it is the only method to control the business internally. Three variables of external factors: 1: Political Factor 2: technical Factor 3: social factor 1: The political factor: Political factors greatly affect the business environment, when parties changes in the government and then business policy are changed it greatly affect the working of the company for example pay rise etc. Everyone has to folloup new rules. 2: Technological Factor: In these technological factor days is the main factor of any business organization if you are other competitors are using new technical equipment, challenging production as compare to your business will increase, so will affect your organization downside. 3: social factor: social factors also affect the external factor, because you always change the structure of society such as women working, families. How customers, communities behave and their belie fs. ( Google images) a. In what way the stakeholders can affect the future of the business? A stakeholder is anyone who can affect or is affected by the actions of a corporation (organization, company or business). It is enterprise are the people and electorates that help, either intentionally or automatically, to its riches making limit and exercises, and that are along these lines its potential beneficiaries and/or hazard bearers. b. Discuss the importance of environmental analysis in decision making. Choice making in ecological tasks could be unpredictable and apparently unmanageable, mainly due to the innate exchange offs between socio political, natural, biological, and financial variables. The determination of fitting healing and decrease methodologies for defiled destinations, area use arranging, and administrative methods frequently includes different extra criteria, for example, the conveyance of expenses and profits, ecological effects for diverse populac es, security, biological danger, or human qualities. Some of these criteria cant be effortlessly dense into a fiscal quality, somewhat in light of the fact that ecological concerns regularly include moral and good standards that may not be identified with any monetary utilize or worth TASK 2 Using the diagram as shown in the next page, discuss the importance of environmental analysis and its impact to the business entity by answering questions A, B and C. a. How will the competitors, suppliers and customers affect the business? If we have more competitors in a business, the business activity would be increased. This is because with more competitors, the consumers would have more choice. Besides, increased competition would also result in competitive cost which would further attract the consumers. Suppliers can affect your availability of product based on their inventory or delivery time. Suppliers can affect your costs based on their prices changing, their credit ter ms, etc. Client administration or client consideration portrays connections between a business and a client intended to expand the clients fulfillment with the items, administrations and general mission of the business. Basically, any correspondence between a potential, present or past client and a business, for example, discussions in a physical store, via telephone or on email, may be viewed as a piece of client administration. Poor client administration can have a few inconvenient consequences for a business. b. Analyze the influence of the following macro-environmental forces to the proposed business Legal/Regulatory Rules and regulations in business creates, limits, or constraints a right, creates or limits a duty, or allocates a responsibility. Regulation can take many forms: legal restrictions promulgated by a government authority, contractual obligations that bind many parties (for example, insurance regulations that arise out of contracts between insurers and th eir insured) Social/Cultural Social Accomplishing work through individuals. Thats the fantastic business school meaning of administration. Key Management: Setting objectives and goals for a venture (a business or organization by and large variables can influence a business as tastes and preferences can change. For instance, if a business that offers a ton of garbage and undesirable sustenance, and the country is getting to be more wellbeing cognizant then the business will create lesl revenue A real socio-social component impacting organizations and business choices is changing buyer inclination. What was prevalent and chic 20 years prior may not be well known today or 10 years not far off. Distinctive styles and necessities can undermine long effective items and administrations. For instance, a garments organization should continually be mindful of changing inclination when making new items or it will rapidly get to be antiquated. Technological Technical analys is is a security analysis methodology for forecasting the direction of prices through the study of past market data, primarily price and volume. Economic Economic Analysis for Business is to help you understand the structure of the economy, how an economy operates, why economic problems occur and the reasons why policy makers make the decisions they do. c. Who are the stakeholders of the business? A corporate stakeholder is that which can affect or be affected by the actions of the business .It defines stakeholders as those groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist. Stakeholders refer to individuals and groups that have interest in the organization and/or its products or services. Stakeholders may include but are not limited toend ash customers, suppliers, owners, shareholders, lenders, managers, employees, employee organizations, local community, competitors, and regulatory bodies. For Mr. webby He needs to target the right customers and must work on there feedback. Must look food quality. He must be familiar with current people demand. He has to look for more suppliers and for them he should do some promotions. He should put lower price for his products. Get more promotions for customers. Update everydayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s deals and prices. TASK 3 Miss Parker is the longtime general manager of MAC, the biggest food chain in Dunedin. The owner of MAC plans to open a new branch in Auckland City. Since the general manager knows that you have a Diploma in Business from IANZ, she seeks your advice how to do the following steps in strategic management: a. Statement of the Business Mission Having a specific mission statement gives identity to an organization, as well as a guideline for future decisionsand particular actions. It provides the framework or context within which the companys strategies are formulated. Its like a goal for what the company wants to do for the world. Mission statement that can be used by Miss Parker is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We are committed to the highest standards of food quality and customer serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  MAC is the best food chain in Dunedin and now in Auckland. b. Environmental Analysis Considering that the organization does not operate in isolation, the planning group shou ld analyze the environment within which the organization operates. This assessment should include legal and political considerations, social and cultural trends, economic circumstances, technological development, and, where appropriate, the organization competitive position. c. Identification of Strengths and Weaknesses This includes the weighing of the organizations capabilities and limitations. This form of analysis must be inclusive in a sense that it has to take into account the financial resources, human resources, the operation of both technical and organizational systems, and quality of work. Analysis of the organizations strengths and weaknesses must be guided by the mission of the organization. d. Values of Organizational Leaders The final step in preparing to develop strategic alternative is to take into account the values, interests, and aspirations of those who will guide the organization into the future. It must consider the people quote s response in the sa me environmental and organizational analysis differently. e. Development of Alternative Strategies At this stage, the planning group can proceed in the formulation of alternative strategies. One of the suggested methods in identifying alternative strategies is to draw quote scenarios of the future in order to anticipate and foresee possible outcomes. Future patterns will help an organization plot its direction. Miss Parker must look for good location and check current market pricing. She has to look for more suppliers and some better deals for them. She should keep on checking market demand. Should keep food as checking on which culture people living on those areas. Flexible opening hours and services. Keep getting various foods and changing promotions.( www.bbc.co.uk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºHomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºBusiness Studiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºBusiness environment) Task 4 You are a manufacturer of beauty products in New Zealand. Your business market power is heavily dependent on the exportation of these products. If the global economy is not in a good condition and the countries where you export your products are experiencing inflation, serious poverty and unemployment, what are the possible effects of the global economy to your business in New Zealand? Make a flowchart to present the effects of the macro-environment to the business entity. Some of the possible reasons are :- Because of poverty it can affect sociality to not to buy products. To continue keep going on my business I must look at the raw materials of my products. For raw materials I do need to find another good quality of raw materials but cheaper in prices as well. Keep checking on cost cuttings. Put more promotions to encourage people Keep checking on market demand. Technologically I do need to improve more also handy for people for example, advertising, online advertising. Also should make a handy website so people can look easily also a viability of buying online for time saving. Seek for good sales workers(can help to improve business) Try some new products as in current market demand. poverty Effect on countries

Why Should We Hire You - The Essay Sample?

<h1>Why Should We Hire You - The Essay Sample?</h1><p>When individuals ask me, 'For what reason should we employ you?' I regularly react, 'In the event that you have great composing aptitudes and you appreciate composing, there are many fascinating, testing and gainful composing occupations accessible. In case you don't know what you can do with your composition, read the full bio underneath and afterward get in touch with me for more information.'</p><p></p><p>You'll make the most of my profile since I'm an expert essayist who's made them intrigue positions previously. As an understudy in Washington, DC, I composed duplicate for the nearby lead prosecutor's office, the Washington Post, U.S. News &amp; World Report, and different spots. In 1988, I got my graduate degree in English from the University of California-Berkeley, and I kept on composing fiction for quite a long while. At that point, in 1998, I chose to seek after something addi tionally fulfilling, and I started my profession as an independent or an in-house copywriter.</p><p></p><p>Now, I've composed for magazines, for example, Conde Nast, Dial Press, Salon, Salon Online, Collegehumor, and numerous others. My preferred theme is not kidding, smart expounding on subjects, for example, governmental issues, culture, wellbeing, business, and the media.</p><p></p><p>As somebody who sees precisely what makes a decent story, I likewise comprehend the extraordinary lengths that skilled, goal-oriented authors go to so as to be taken note. In view of that, I'm continually searching for innovative individuals to add to my pages.</p><p></p><p>One of the reasons why I accept that I'll profit by knowing the sort of imaginative story that I can give is on the grounds that I have incredible trust in my capacity to convey unique material. I've composed on various points in the course of recent years an d I've been distributing papers online for a long time. In this way, on the off chance that I state I'm an innovative author, it's completely true.</p><p></p><p>Another motivation behind why I consider this paper test a quality expansion to my portfolio is on the grounds that it's actual! That being stated, I understand that numerous individuals won't be dazzled by the way that I'm not a scholarly composing educator; I simply favor not to invest my time or vitality creating content that can be handily reproduced by anybody else.</p><p></p><p>And, by not committing myself to the composed word, I don't hazard being viewed as exhausting or amateurish at a prospective employee meet-up. Along these lines, in the event that you really need to excel in the composing scene, you should devote yourself to creating your best work.</p><p></p><p>If you're putting forth a certified attempt to do as such, I unequivocally urge you to utilize this example as an apparatus to help improve your composition, which will enable your composition to vocation. What's more, at last, I firmly urge you to get in touch with me for more data on how you can be a piece of the group that is helping me develop as a writer.</p>

Essay Help - Writing A Great Thesis

<h1>Essay Help - Writing A Great Thesis</h1><p>Students who are battling with the undertaking of composing a postulation will see proposition help and guidance as amazingly accommodating. Despite the fact that this sort of archive doesn't come as a unique idea, it is one of the fundamental strides in reading for the degree. It in this manner should be clear and brief so the understudy doesn't wind up committing errors on the large test that could harm his evaluations and lead to bring down marks.</p><p></p><p>The key to composing a theory without overlooking the primary thought is to consistently recollect the proposal help area of the course. This ought to be done particularly before beginning a sentence. Reading for the assessment should start with the primary passage as this is where understudies begin posting the models and focuses that will be introduced in their thesis.</p><p></p><p>The theory help ought to reall y expound on the best way to summarize the principle thought and afterward list instances of this from past work done. It ought to likewise have a rundown of references that would help understudies in getting more data in regards to the subject. While doing this, it is critical to ensure that the key focuses are expressed plainly and in an arrangement that can be comprehended easily.</p><p></p><p>Another botch that numerous understudies do is attempting to incorporate everything that they feel will be useful recorded as a hard copy their proposal. When composing a postulation, it is imperative to ensure that it is brief and to the point. In the event that the peruser feels like the postulation has an excessive amount of data or it is excessively nitty gritty, it could wind up making it harder for them to get done with understanding it and really perusing the thesis.</p><p></p><p>Some understudies locate that an examination paper requir es a great deal of research and time to do the genuine research, yet they despite everything think that its difficult to compose the exploration plot. Postulations help to direct understudies towards utilizing more subtleties when composing an examination paper. At the point when they are appropriately guided and knowing the organization for each piece of the paper, it makes the undertaking of composing easier.</p><p></p><p>Thesis help likewise includes composing a presentation and end which help the understudies realize how to begin composing the genuine theory. Subsequent to finishing the principal section, the postulation help for the most part expresses that it is alright to proceed to the accompanying passage to keep composing the following section. This part is utilized to list more insights concerning the primary subject and to incorporate thoughts from past research done.</p><p></p><p>In terms of altering, the theory help would give the layout of every section. This is a decent spot to check the sentence structure or the spelling of the exposition before beginning to revamp the material. These tips can be utilized by all understudies, regardless of what the subject of the paper is.</p><p></p><p>Before finishing the proposition, it is a smart thought to ensure that the models are remembered for the theory itself. This should be possible by posting the models in the blueprint of the paper. This is an approach to show understudies how to get the essential subtleties without stressing over the fundamental idea.</p>

Research Paper Topics About Respiratory System

Research Paper Topics About Respiratory SystemHow do you pick the correct research paper subjects about respiratory framework? While there are different subjects that fall under this classification, it's in reality more hard to pick than one would might suspect. Fortunately there are a few hints and deceives that can assist you with narrowing down your options.Firstly, when you are looking for examine paper points about respiratory framework, you have to choose something that relates to this specialized topic. You might need to remember this for your rundown since it will assist you with broadening your skill in the field. It's an extraordinary method to assist you with seeing progressively about the subject and addition some information and involvement with the procedure. This can be of monstrous advantage over the long haul too, permitting you to have some understanding into the subject matter.Secondly, there are some examination paper themes about respiratory framework that aren't especially significant, however you should even now take a gander at in any case. They don't need to be anything horrendously progressed, however you should even now take a gander at them since they furnish you with a decent method to get some information about the subject. It doesn't really imply that you have to pick subjects this way; simply realize that you can discover some.Thirdly, you additionally need to pick explore paper themes about respiratory framework that have been recently investigated. This can be a colossal bit of leeway since it can guarantee that the data you will get are demonstrated realities. They should give you some strong information on the topic.In expansion, you additionally need to see explore paper subjects about respiratory framework that is posted by others. This can be an incredible wellspring of data and understanding into the subject, however they can likewise be overflowed with one-sided data. It very well may be useful to take a gander at whatev er number of these as could reasonably be expected and choose for yourself which ones you will confide in additional. When you know which ones you confide in most, you would then be able to begin taking a shot at look into paper subjects about respiratory framework dependent on your findings.Fourthly, you additionally need to focus on explore paper points about respiratory framework that have a type of affirmation or accreditation. Ensure that you look at this before you begin taking a shot at your examination paper points. You may find that there is an extraordinary measure of data out there that is legitimate however doesn't have any genuine effect on your work. Affirmation and accreditation can assist you with staying away from this kind of information.Finally, you likewise need to consider look into paper themes about respiratory framework that have a type of sponsorship from a perceived association. These associations will for the most part have a past filled with believability and unwavering quality, and it will be dependent upon you to ensure that the data you are accepting is legitimate. The purpose of sponsorship isn't to approve anything, yet essentially to guarantee that the data you are accepting is reliable.As you can see, there are numerous elements that you can consider when choosing research paper points about respiratory framework. By following these tips, you can assist with picking themes that are grounded in strong data, and can assist you with keeping your work sorted out and to all the more likely comprehend the subject.

Writing a Topic Sentence For an Essay on the Storm by Kate Chopin

Writing a Topic Sentence For an Essay on the Storm by Kate ChopinWriting a topic sentence for an essay on the storm by Kate Chopin is one of the most important steps you can take to prepare for the composition of this popular essay topic. As you'll see in this short article, writing a sentence for an essay on the storm can be difficult but it does not have to be so.The first step is to determine what your focus is for the essay. For instance, if you are preparing for an essay on the origin of the word 'storm,' you will need to learn the basic definition and the process by which a storm develops so that you can write a topic sentence for an essay on the storm by Kate Chopin.Once you have this basic research information ready to go, the next step is to review and familiarize yourself with the various styles of writing about a storm. There are two main types of essay topics: historical and personal. For this purpose, you may wish to learn about the styles as well as about the different kinds of essay subjects that can be used for writing an essay on the storm by Kate Chopin.With regard to this kind of essay, it's important to have a clear idea of who you are addressing. If you're writing a personal essay, you should have an idea of your intended audience before you begin writing. Write down a list of people that you think might be interested in reading your essay. Don't assume that all your readers are interested in the same subject matter, though.On the other hand, if you are writing a historical essay, you should have an idea of the time frame that you are looking at as well as a general sense of how the storm and its related phenomena have changed over time. There are some cases in which these things cannot be determined without more information. Also, there are times when historians make claims of responsibility for a particular type of storm that aren't recognized at the time by historians. However, if you are writing an essay on the storm by Kate Chopin, the se things should not affect your essay at all.Now that you know who you are addressing your essay to, it's time to figure out how to properly write a topic sentence for an essay on the storm by Kate Chopin. As you look at writing an essay on the storm by Kate Chopin, remember that this style of essay is written to explore certain important issues in history. This means that you'll be addressing questions about such things as the storm's effect on the American spirit or American settlement in general.It is important to always begin each section of your essay with a statement that tells the reader something about the storm. Even if your topic sentence for an essay on the storm by Kate Chopin isn't entirely focused on one particular storm, you should still tell the reader a little bit about it. One way to do this is to take a somewhat general topic, like the storm, and then ask the reader to think about how the storm changed American culture.Make sure that your essay on the storm inclu des a discussion of the reasons why the storm was such a significant event in the history of the country. Even if you never plan to write a topic sentence for an essay on the storm by Kate Chopin, learning to write one that is focused on the storm will make your essay much more effective.

Character Drama - The Scene of Violence Essay

<h1>Character Drama - The Scene of Violence Essay</h1><p>One of the most acclaimed articles in 1982 was an example of brutality paper. In the article, an understudy responded to inquiries regarding viciousness and how he would take care of the issue of savagery. It was picked for a similar explanation that the Essay tests were chosen; they were acknowledged due to their instructive and intriguing nature.</p><p></p><p>In 'Scene of Violence,' an understudy was approached to examine what an instructor saw when he strolled into the school room. His answer? The class was disturbed on account of savagery, the viciousness in the study hall and what brutality had gotten into the life of understudies who partook in the battle. At the point when he returned from the workplace, the class was stirred up. The instructor mentioned the class to leave the room while he was conversing with the police about the disturbance.</p><p></p><p> ;Two of the article tests found on the Internet are with the United States Military Academy. In one, an understudy recounts how he was another official on his first visit. He additionally recounts what he realized and what he did to make the troop's experience progressively wonderful. In the other, an understudy makes a concise portrayal of the issues of a study hall menace. In each article, understudies can perceive how they could utilize these examples to educate their own lesson.</p><p></p><p>The journalists of the example diagrams in the expositions offer significance to the passionate reaction an individual has to a specific subject. An individual can watch a contention while never going into the circumstance legitimately. This implies the essayists won't offer explicit counsel to manage the specific issue. They simply permit the peruser to picture what the encounter would be like.</p><p></p><p>Students can take a gander at these examples and consider something that could have happened in their own lives. Or then again they can envision the circumstance they may experience when finding out about another subject. In any case, understudies are allowed the chance to see something through an alternate perspective.</p><p></p><p>These exposition tests can assist perusers with bettering comprehend a subject. Who knows how significant the expositions will be to people in the future. In any event, perusers will appreciate these example essays.</p><p></p><p>'Scene of Violence' was an anecdote about savagery. The understudies had to live it. Despite the fact that they didn't take an interest legitimately in the fight, they became some portion of the brutality by viewing the episodes happen before them. Nonetheless, they stayed positive about the occasions and the gathering as a whole.</p>

The security management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8138 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The Security Management Industry INTRODUCTION Security management is the combination of hardware, software, and services that normalizes, aggregates, correlates, and visualizes data from disparate security products. Security management is a broad term that encompasses several currently distinct market segments. With the presence of the Internet, spam is becoming increasingly costly and dangerous as spammers deliver more virulent payloads through email attachments. According to a recent IDC (2004) study, the volume of spam messages sent daily worldwide jumped from 7 billion in 2002 to 23 billion in 2004. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The security management" essay for you Create order The Hong Kong Population has increasingly Internet users. This boom in the electronic commerce creates ease in communication and on business transactions however this has also compromised the internal data security with the presence of hackers. Industry analysts believe that increased spending on internet security products and the establishment of a corporate data security policy is equally important in avoiding information leakage. Estimated information security spending in Hong Kong will reach USD 231 million in 2003 and will maintain a stable growth to reach USD 252 million in 2004. U.S. security products enjoy an excellent reputation in Hong Kong and should continue to dominate the market. According to Braunberg (2004), a major early driver for security management products is the need to get a handle on event data emanating from intrusion detection systems. Many security management products are chiefly concerned with the consolidation, correlation and prioritization of this type of data. These event management and correlation products address the volume of data and its heterogeneous origin, both in terms of devices and vendors. SECURITY MANAGEMENT MARKET IN HONG KONG Market Highlights The continuous increase in demand for communication internationally, internet has been increasingly in demand. With the Internet in business transactions, companies expanded sales opportunities through e-commerce and reduce business costs. With the presence of Internet, companies can broadly expand customer base. However, in spite of all these benefits that companies experienced with Internet, it has also brought some costs to companies. Internet opens up network and servers to external and internal attacks. In order to guard against these attacks, Hong Kong companies have increasingly felt the need to purchase Internet security. According to the report of HKCERT (2004), the number of PCs installed in Hong Kong has skewed to the low end. In the survey conducted, it shows that 63.5% of the surveyed companies had installed 1-9 PCs and only 1.3% had installed 100 PCs or above. Consumer Analysis In the report of HKCERT (2002), industry players estimated that the Hong Kong market for internet security products and services in 2001 was USD 231 million and will reach USD 252 million in 2004. Generally U.S. internet security products are the major players and are enjoying an excellent reputation in Hong Kong and are continually dominating the market. Industry Estimates The survey of HKCERT in 2004 showed that Hong Kong companies adopted security technologies to secure their computer form attacks. The survey includes 3,000 companies from different industry sectors in Hong Kong. According to the survey anti-virus software was the most popular security measure, being used by 90.9% of the companies interviewed in 2004. Physical security (65.5%), Firewall (65.4%) and Password (60.6%) were the next three common security measures adopted (HKCERT, 2004). The information security awareness of the companies in Hong Kong has increased considerably as the percentage of companies without any security measures in place dropped from 10.1% in 2003 to 3.6% in 2004 (HKCERT, 2004) As the survey shows, the use of firewall has significantly increased in 2004. This is due to the increasing awareness of a number of companies that the basic security tools can not completely stop virus and because software vendors pay great effort in promoting their products. From the table above, US rank number one in the list showing that US is the major host of malware in 2006. On the other hand, Hong Kong only is on the 9th place however it is still a major contributor of malware in the world. Sophos notes that up to 90% of all spam is now relayed from zombie computers, hi-jacked by Trojan horses, worms and viruses under the control of hackers. This means that they do not need to be based in the same country as the computers being used to send the spam (IET, 2007). Sophos found that the most prolific email threats during 2006 were the Mytob, Netsky, Sober and Zafi families of worms, which together accounted for more than 75% of all infected email (IET, 2007). According to the report, email will continue to be an important vector for malware authors, though the increasing adoption of email gateway security is making hackers turn to other routes for infection (IET, 2007). Malware infection will continue to affect many websites. SophosLabs is uncovering an average of 5,000 new URLs hosting malicious code each day (IET, 2007). In 2006, it has been discovered that there is a decrease in use of spyware due to multiple Trojan downloaders. Statistics reveal that in January 2006 spyware accounted for 50.43% of all infected email, while 40.32% were emails linking to websites containing Trojan downloaders. By December 2006 the figures had been reversed, with the latter now accounting for 51.24%, and spyware-infected emails reduced to 41.87%.(IET, 2007) Market Channels In Hong Kong, consumer-oriented products such as anti-virus, overseas companies usually market their products via local distributors who will then channel the products to resellers and in some cases directly to retailers. For enterprise-oriented products, which require value-added services such as system integration and after-sales support, overseas companies can go through local distributors and/or resellers. (Chau, 2003) Competitive Analysis The internet security market has four segments: anti-virus, firewall, encryption software, and Security Authentication, Authorization Administration. Anti-virus Software Anti-virus software identifies and/or eliminates harmful software and macros. Anti-virus are mostly software based. The major players in Hong Kong for the consumer market includes Symantec/Norton which possesses 50% of the market share in Hong Kong, Norman, Nai/McAfee, and Trend Micro which are basically US origin (Chau, 2003). According to Chau (2003), consumers of Anti-virus are generally price sensitive and usually seek for products with established brand name. In the enterprise market of anti-virus, the major players include Trend Micro, NAI/McAfee, Norman and Symantec (Chau, 2003). According to the analysis, enterprise users will usually seek professional opinions from their I.T. service provider and are more likely to focus on brand reputation and offered features and pricing is not the main concern, although with the downturn in the economy, companies are becoming more price-sensitive (Chau, 2003) Firewall Firewall software/hardware identifies and blocks access to certain applications and data. There are two categories of firewall products: software and hardware. The players in Hong Kongs software firewall market are Check Point Software which dominates the market of 60% market share, Computer Associates, Symantec and Secure Computing (Chau, 2003). In the hardware firewall market, the major players are Netscreen with 50% market share, Cisco (PIX) with 20% market share, Sonic Wall, Watchguard and Nokie of Finland (Chau, 2003). According to the report, the price for software firewalls averages USD 20 per user. On the hardware firewalls side, the number of users and the kinds of features determine the price. A low-end firewall server costs USD 600 to USD 700, a mid-range server costs USD 2,000 to USD 4,000, and a high-end server costs USD 10,000 and above. Netscreen and Sonic Wall are quite common in small to medium-sized enterprises. Cisco targets large corporations. Brand reputation and price are the prime concerns for buyers. According to industry players, there is an increasing preference for hardware firewalls over software firewalls because the hardware firewall has a speed advantage and is easier to maintain. (Chau, 2003) Encryption Encryption software is a security product that uses crypto-graphical algorithms to protect the confidentiality of data, applications, and user identities. According to the study, the most commonly-used standards in Hong Kong are SSH, SSL, PGP, RSA, and DES. Different standards are used for different objectives. SSH is mostly used to secure TCP connections between remote sites. SSL is commonly used in web browsers to secure web traffic. PGP is used for email encryption. RSA is for PKI system authentication and authorization. DES or 3DES are commonly used in the banking sector. (Chau, 2003) According to the report of Chau (2003), the major players in encryption in Hong are PGP, Utimaco, F-Secure, SSH (Security Shell), and RSA. Security 3A Software Security 3A (administration, authorization, and authentication) software is used for administering security on computer systems and includes the processes of defining, creating, changing, deleting, and auditing users. Authentication software is used for verifying users identities and avoiding repudiation. Authorization software determines data access according to corporate policy. Administrative software includes internet access control, email scanning, intrusion detection and vulnerability assessment, and security management. The major players in PKI system in Hong Kong are Baltimore of UK, Verisign, and Entrust (Chau, 2003). Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) An intrusion detection system (IDS) examines system or network activity to find possible intrusions or attacks. Intrusion detection systems are either network-based or host-based. Network-based IDS are more common. According to the report of Chau (2003), the major players of IDS in Hong Kong are ISS (Real Secure) which dominate in the market of 65% market share, Enterasys (Dragon), Symantec (Intruder Alert), Tripwire (Tripwire), Computer Associates (Entrust Intrusion Protection) and Cisco (Secure IDS). In the analysis it has been known that IDS end-users are mostly medium to large enterprises and the most significant purchasing criteria for end users are reliability and compatibility and price is not a key factor (Chau, 2003). Content Security Products The major players of content security products includes Clearswift which has 50% market share, Websense which has 25% market share, Trend Micro and Serve Control (Chau, 2003). Market Trends According to the report, on corporate side, the demand for network-based anti-virus would likely to increase than the demand for desktop-based anti-virus products since mostly viruses attacks are usually via internet (Chau, 2003). On the other hand, in the consumer side, consumer market would likely to fade away since consumers are downloading free anti-virus from the Internet. It is expected that ISPs will increasingly provide AV protection as a value-added service to the users (Chau, 2003). In the firewall software, it has been expected that the demand for hardware-based appliance products would likely to increase for small and medium-sized companies. (Chau, 2003) For Intrusion detection and vulnerability assessment, it is predicted that it will become very popular as enterprises will shift to a balance between internal and external threats. In addition, the distinction between host-based and network-based IDS is becoming blurry with the creation of IDS consoles that receive data from both the network sensors and host agents. Integrated solutions will become the trend. (Chau, 2003) Market Driver There are several market drivers of security management market. Chau (2003) identified some of these market drivers. In his report, he enumerated three of these market drivers which includes the Internet growth, telecommuting trend, and government generated awareness of Internet security. Internet Growth In Hong Kong, the Internet has become the prevalent communication means between business transaction and even between employees with the increasing trend of globalization. According to Hong Kong Government survey in 2001, 1.25 million households or 61% of all households in Hong Kong has PCs of which 80% are connected to the Internet compared to 50% households with PCs in 2000 of which only 36% are connected to the Internet in 2000 (Chau, 2003). Generally, consumers are making use of the internet to send emails, surf the web, carry out research, conduct on line banking transactions, and make low-value purchases. The survey estimated that around 6% of all persons over 14 had used one or more types of online purchasing services for personal matters in the 12 months before the survey (Chau, 2003). On the other hand, on the business side, more than one third of businesses in Hong Kong have internet connections. In 2001, about 12% of businesses had delivered their goods, services or information through electronic means which is 4% higher than that in 2000. The estimated amount of business receipts received from selling goods, services or information through electronic means in 2000 was USD 1 billion. Increased connectivity to the internet creates higher chances of hacker attacks, especially if the users have a constant live connection, such as through a DSL line. (Chau, 2003) According to the Hong Kong Commercial Crimes Bureau, reports of computer-related offenses increased from 235 incidents in 2001 to 210 in the first nine months in 2002. Computer attacks had affected 5,460 computers in the past 12 months. Financial loss caused by computer-related crimes rose from USD 195,000 in 2001 to USD 236,000 in 2002. The Computer Crime Section of the Hong Kong Commercial Crimes Bureau believes that only 0.3% of the victims reported hacking incidents, fearing that doing so would damage their reputation. Facing increasing internal and external hacking threats, companies are seeking security tools to protect their network and to maintain public confidence. (Chau, 2003) Telecommuting Trend Another major driver of security products, according to Chau (2003), is the increasing decentralization of the work force, such as mobile sales teams in the insurance industry who need to access corporate networks via PDAs. There is an increasing trend of businesses and organizations which benefit from employees ability to dial into corporate networks via the internet, however, this often creates information security risks within the organization, resulting in increased dependence on, and greater deployment of, security products (Chau, 2003). Government-generated awareness of internet security Another major driver of security products is the government awareness on the importance of Internet security. With this awareness, government organizations are formed. Like for example the SAR Government. The SAR Government is committed to providing a safe and secure environment to foster the development of e-commerce in Hong Kong in which has built a public key infrastructure (PKI) through the establishment of a public certification authority and a voluntary CA recognition scheme in Hong Kong (Chau, 2003). Currently, there are four recognized certification authorities operating in Hong Kong which includes JETCO, Digi-Sign Certification Ltd., HiTRUST.Com and the Hong Kong Postmaster General. In addition to the establishment of the PKI systems, the Hong Kong Government has also engaged substantial resources to educate the public regarding the importance of information security. For instance, the Crime Prevention Unit of the Technology Crime Division of the Hong Kong Police is responsible for providing advice on all aspects of computer security. It also produces educational materials on raising computer security awareness and makes presentations on technology crime prevention topics. (Chau, 2003) In addition to the market drivers in which Chau has enumerated, there are still other market drivers of security management market. Braunberg (2004) identified two major groups of market drivers which are the near-tern market drivers and long-term market drivers. Under the near-term market drivers are manage or prevent, perimeter management, vulnerability assessment, embracing standards and the brains of the operation. Long-term market drivers include complexity and cost, device and security integration, knowledge database resources, lack of trust, on demand of computing and social engineering. Near-Term Market Drivers Manage or Prevent. In the analysis of Braunberg (2004), the chief driver of event management solutions is the continuing and hugely annoying number of false positives pouring out of intrusion detection systems. According to him, a counter driver to growth in the managed security segment is the emergence of intrusion prevention systems, particularly in-line solutions that can perform real-time data blocking (Braunberg, 2004). The adoption of intrusion prevention system could inhibit spending on event management systems and security management vendors should consider these products competitive to their own (Braunberg, 2004) Perimeter Management. Security management products has evolve due tot to the demand of securing the perimeter. According to Braunberg (2004), security management solutions are evolving to integrate data from a host of perimeter products in which event management systems often evolved along separate lines with products for firewall, antivirus, and IDS. Vulnerability Assessments. According to Braunberg (2004), one of the near- term drivers for which end-users are of concern is understanding what the security risks are. Generally, clients are looking to leverage vulnerability assessments to help prioritize emerging threats. Increasingly vulnerability data is being leveraged in event management systems (Braunberg, 2004). Embracing Standards. According to Braunberg (2004), the industry is a long way from embracing standards for sharing event information but some progress has been made over the last year. The Internet Engineering Task Forces Incident Object Description and Exchange Format (IODEF) draft specification is gaining some traction and its adoption would be a significant step forward for the market (Braunberg, 2004) The Brains of this Operation. According to Braunbergs analysis (2004), the infatuation with IPS will be short-lived unless significant improvements can be made in reducing false positives in events however security management products will increasingly play a major role in providing the analytic smarts behind IPS solutions. Long-Term Market Drivers: Complexity and Cost. With the increasingly complexity in the web-based business models, the more tangled is the security solutions for the end-users. According to Braunberg (2004), businesses building online strategies from scratch can be overwhelmed by the initial investment of security solutions, while those trying to adapt existing solutions to evolving security concerns are besieged by maintenance costs. Device and Security Integration. According to Braunberg (2004), equipment makers are paying much closer attention to imbedded security functionality in devices and are actively attempting to integrate security as a value-added service in order to change the thinking of the end users of security products as an add-on or an extraneous component of infrastructure. In addition, vendors are looking to unite service providers with standards programs that simplify client understanding and reduce the complexity of product buying (Braunberg, 2004). Knowledge Database Resources. Another market driver for security products is to actively secure the knowledge database from attack patterns and other descriptions of the enemies. The security products vendors should reinvent a faster response to the known threats. According to Braunberg (2004), multi-product vendors particularly will look to evolve from real-time monitoring to broader real-time management. Lack of Trust: According to Braunberg (2004), end users, whether they are corporate users putting a business plan on a server or a consumer buying a CD, have ingrained habits that they are not necessarily willing to give up. For example, no matter how good an online banks security system is, a consumer will have to be convinced that its services are not only as good as a brick and mortar banks services, but better (Braunberg, 2004). On demand Computing: According to Braunberg (2004), the availability of ubiquitous computing resources on demand will further drive the need for sophisticated, highly flexible security management solutions that combine both identity management and event management. According to him, the demand for more esoteric offerings such as GRID computing is the major long-term driver for security management solutions (Braunberg, 2004). Social Engineering. According to Braunberg (2004), clients are still facing risks in security that employees represent just through the human desire to be helpful, and hackers exploit this through social engineering. According to him, a component of managed security will need elements of employee training to build awareness of outside threats (Braunberg, 2004). According to the analysis of Braunberg (2004), the security segment will continually be strong in which the diversity of interest ranges from an array of different types of companies which indicates a leverage of controlling security function. In addition, since end users demand has also evolve in which they demand for more in-depth defensive strategies ad best of breed approaches to purchasing decisions, security solution in turn has become more complex. Case Study: Trend Micro Enterprise History In 1988, Trend Micro Incorporated was founded by Steve Chang and his wife in California. Trend Micro Incorporated is a global leader in network antivirus and Internet content security software and services. The company led the migration of virus protection from the desktop to the network server and the Internet gatewayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ gaining a reputation for vision and technological innovation along the way. Trend Micro focuses on outbreak prevention and on providing customers with a comprehensive approach to managing the outbreak lifecycle and the impact of network worms and virus threats to productivity and information, through initiatives such as Trend Micro Enterprise Protection Strategy. Trend Micro ha grown into a transnational organization with more than 2,500 employees representing more than 30 countries around the globe. Many of the leading high-tech and security industry analysts have tracked Trend Micros growth and performance for the last several years, hailing the company as visionary, citing its leadership and innovation in the security industry. According to Brian Burke, IDC Research Manager, Trend Micro has consistently demonstrated a strong position in the Secure Content Management market. To remain successful Trend Micro has adapted quickly to market challenges and the evolution of security threats such as spyware, phishing and spam, in which financial gain has become the number one driving force. Given Trend Micros track record and its strong upward momentum, we expect the company to continue delivering innovative solutions that provide customers with timely protection against unpredictable threats. Trend Micro has earned a reputation for turning great ideas into cutting-edge technology. In recognition of the antivirus companys strategy and vision, the analyst firm Gartner has hailed Trend Micro as a visionary malicious code management supplier for four consecutive years. Citing its flexible and efficient transnational management model, BusinessWeek acknowledged Trend Micro as one ofa new breed of high-tech companies that are defying conventional wisdom. According to IDC, Trend Micro has held the top global market share in internet gateway antivirus for six consecutive years. A history of innovation In 1995 Trend Micro became an industry pioneer in the migration of virus protection from the desktop to the server level, with the launch of Trend Microà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ ServerProtec. In 1997 it launched the industrys first virus protection for the Internet gateway with InterScan VirusWall. Since then, it has demonstrated a history of innovation in server-based antivirus products that has contributed to the leadership position it holds today in this market (according to the recent IDC report Worldwide Antivirus 2004-2008 Forecast and 2003 Competitive Vendor Shares. Trend Micro continues to shift the paradigms of antivirus security with cutting-edge products, services and strategies like Trend Micro Network VirusWall, Outbreak Prevention Services, and its Enterprise Protection Strategy. Trend Micro is committed to following its path of innovation to help companies manage todays ever-increasingly complex, fast-spreading malware threats. SWOT Analysis Strengths Business and security knowledge Trend Micro has been a pioneer and innovator in the antivirus software market since 1988, anticipating trends and developing products and services to protect information as new computing standards have been adopted around the world. Service and support excellence, that is, Trend Micro products and services are backed by TrendLabs a global network of antivirus research and support centers. TrendLabs monitors potential security threats worldwide and develops the means to help customers prevent the spread of outbreaks, minimize the impact of new threats, and restore their networks. Flexible workforce through contingent workers for seasonal/cyclical projects Loyal, hardworking, and diverse workforce who, in addition to good compensation, have an opportunity to do well Multinational corporation operating through regional subsidiaries to minimize cultural differences Low employee turnover Relatively rapid product development processes that allow for timely updating and release of new products Revenues and profits rising at 30% a year with merger/acquisition or investment in 92 companies over past five years Software products have high name recognition, broad-based corporate and consumer acceptance and numerous powerful features that are in use worldwide, thereby promoting standardization and competitive advantage through their ease of integration and cost-effectiveness Top rating from Fortune for best company to work at and most admired company Worlds largest software company with global name recognition and strong reputation for innovative products Weaknesses Perceived by many as a cut-throat competitor that uses its dominant market position to marginalize competition by stealing/destroying the competitions products, stifling product innovation, and decreasing the availability of competitor products Products have a single application focus and do not work well with or on-top of other products Reputation has suffered because of entanglement in antitrust and permatemps Vizcaino litigation Misperceptions of securitys value or purpose Opportunities Cheaper global telecommunication costs open new markets as people connect to the Internet in which in turn increases the need for security products Mobile phone applications and exploitation of personal digital assistants represent a growth industry so that strategic alliances could provide the company with opportunity in a market where it currently has little or no significant presence Business Continuity Reduced Costs Potential Revenue Opportunities Trend Micro holds the top market share for both worldwide Internet gateway and email-server based antivirus sales. Threats Currency exchange rates affect demand for application/operation software and hardware, and fluctuating currencies can negatively impact revenues in the global marketplace Recession or economic slowdown in the global market impacts personal computer equipment sales and their need for an operating systems which in turn would slowdown the need for security systems Software piracy of commercial and consumer applications software on a global scale threatens revenue streams Technology life cycle is shorter and shorter Inconsistency across the enterprise Loss of sponsorship or visibility Current Strategy The continuous success of Trend Micro is guided by its strategies. Innovation was always been the strategy of a technological company however in Trend Micro, innovation was not the only strategy implemented. There are many essentials that are to be considered. The current strategy of Trend Micro are the following. Focus On the Essentials and Sacrifice the Rest It is known that focus is important and essential for the success of any business. According to Steve Chang, strategy is about focusing on essential and sacrificing the rest. (Chang, 2002) in addition, according to Peter Firstbrook, program director, security risk strategies, META Group, Trend Micro has done just that, having an amazing laser-like focus on their business. And the authors of a Harvard Business School case study commented: Although very entrepreneurial, Steve Chang held fast to a single strategic focus for over a decade. Rather than attempt to provide all security products to all customers, Trend Micro concentrated on developing best-of-breed antivirus solutions. (Pain and Bettcher, 2003) Trend micros consistent and persistent focus allowed the company to build their strengths and consistently leading the market. Innovation Isnt Just About Your Software Products Trend Micro has many product firsts under its belt: the first antivirus product for a server in 1993; the first Internet gateway protection antivirus software in 1996; the first e-mail anti-virus software product in 1998; the first Internet content security service in 1999. However, for the Trend Micro innovation applies to more than just the products. It is a pervasive notion that applies to other areas of your business as well. Innovation should be seen new type of global organization and in a new service offering. According to Steve Hamm in a 2003 Business Week article, Borders are So 20th Century, Trend Micro is an example of a new form of global organization, transnational organization in which aimed to transcend nationality altogether. Hamm quotes C. K. Prahalad, a professor at the University of Michigan Business School, who says Theres a fundamental rethinking about what is a multinational companyDoes it have a home country? What does headquarters mean? Can you fragment your corporate functions globally? (Hamm, 2003) According to Hamm (2003) Trend micro was one of the first responder to viruses which can deliver services in 30 minutes before the market leader Symantec. He commented that Trend Micro is able to respond so quickly because its not organized like most companies. (Hamm, 2003) The strategy of Trend Micro is to spread its top executives, engineers, and support staff around the world. The main virus response center is in the Philippines, where 250 engineers are willing to work the evening and midnight shifts necessary to keep ever-vigilant. Then there are six other labs scattered from Munich to Tokyo. According to Chang, With the Internet, viruses became global. To fight them, we have to become a global company. (Hamm, 2003) In addition to organizing the company globally to handle the virus threat, Trend Micro is also structured to exploit every possible geographic advantage and resource around the world (Pain and Bettcher, 2003). With Trend Micros strategic focus, the company chooses to put the main virus response center in the Philippines since the Philippines has the most educated English speaking population who are willing to work day or night and cost the company less than it cost for the engineers in Taiwan where its RD is located. Trend Micro innovated in its organization structure to respond to its changing circumstances such as the global threat of the Internet, or to take advantage of what other countries had to offer, such as a less expensive group of English- speaking customer support personnel. In addition, Trend micro has able to innovate its products with other service offering that created a new competitive advantage since the company had already built such a rapid global response organization. If, after being notified of a virus outbreak, Trend Micro doesnt respond in two hours or less, they will pay a penalty which can be as high as the full price of the software. For Trend Micro, innovation is not just technology but a wider view of thinking that can involve any part of your company, including the organization and even service offerings. Choose Practices Which Scale Your Business According to Chang, anything that is not scalable is something that Trend Micro dont want to do. Trend Micros sales are 100% done through the channel using system integrators, distributors and value-added resellers. In addition, Trend Micro doesnt provide the usual implementation services that go along with a customers software installation. It is provided by the channels. Through the channels Trend Micro has eliminated the more challenging aspects of scaling a software business. If Trend Micro itself will do direct sales to customers, it would cost them and it would be limited to the number of sales personnel the company hires. Whereas, using channel can provide the company a multiplier effect, extending the number of sales personnel and reaching extended geographic areas. And providing implementation services is a lower margin business because you are essentially hiring out your technical staff. Avoiding direct sales and implementation services has a direct impact on Trend Micros financials. Best-of-Breed Strategy Requires In-Depth Expertise and Outstanding Customer Service According to Chang, less than 5 percent leave the company. Trend Micro considers longevity of experience in recruiting and selecting its personnel and engineers. According to Chang, smart people like working with smart people Trend Micro accomplishes this with a very selective hiring policy that only accepts 8 percent of applicants. Second, he creates an environment attractive to software engineers. For example, he runs an annual programming contest to see who the best is. Third, the nature of his work provides an ongoing challenge since, unfortunately, the creators of the viruses are clever and smart. So his engineers have to be clever and smart to think of ways to defeat them. (Turchin, 2004) Besides offering the only two-hour service level agreement available, Chang has focused on developing a world class virus response center. So his centers have adopted two very stringent quality control standards: ISO 9001-2000 and Customer Operations Performance Center (COPC)-2000 (COPC-2000 is a comprehensive operations performance standard that specifies minimum operational requirements in critical functional areas that are important to end users and clients. (Turchin, 2004) Future Strategy Trend Micros strategy is always been on continuous innovation on their products. However, innovation is not always on technology. Innovation should also be directed to the business as a whole. In addition, the Trend Micro should gain sustainable competitive advantage through proper human resource management. Innovation and Communication A global economy requires business organizations to cultivate their international holdings by respecting the national differences of their host countries and coordinating efforts for rapid innovation. Maintaining a competitive edge in a global, innovative, and dynamically evolving environment produces substantial pressure to redefine how business is conducted. A hierarchical, bureaucratic structure is less responsive in such an environment, and a flatter, more responsive organizational pattern is required (Monge Fulk, 1999). As organizations reengineer their structures to become more proactive and accessible, new patterns of communication emerge. Organizations find it necessary to push decision-making authority to lower levels, employ cross-functional teams, and encourage organizational learning (Branscomb, et al., 1999). It is also essential for firms to increase and improve external communication with international suppliers, subsidiaries, alliance partners, and customers (Parker, 1996). Innovation enables organizations to improve the quality of their outputs, revitalize mature businesses, enter new markets, react to competitive encroachment, try out new technologies, leverage investment in technologies that are so expensive that no single product can recoup them, and develop alternative applications for existing product categories, to name a few outcomes. For organizations which must adapt to changing competition, markets, and technologies, product innovation is not a fad. It is a necessity. (Dougherty, 1996, p. 424) The emphasis on business innovation is further substantiated by surveys of organizations. CEOs of 669 firms across 10 industries around the world consider technological innovation as being the most critical concern in their competitive advantage (Little, 1997). Hoggs 1993 survey of European managerial competencies in telecommunications companies in 6 European countries (Britain, Germany, The Netherlands, France, Italy, and Spain) found that innovation and strategic vision were vital to the effective performance or junior and middle mangers, second only to communication skills. Being an innovator and having vision are included among the top 10 characteristics of successful entrepreneurs in a similar survey by Ernest and Young with Roper Starch Worldwide (1997). At the individual or interpersonal level, Nutt (1986, 1987, 1989) suggests that persuasive and participatory strategies have a better success rate in getting decisions implemented at the appropriate levels of the organization. Most studies conclude that information sharing is a powerful tool for desensitizing employees to change, and that information of any type can moderate the anxiety associated with uncertainty that comes with impending change in an organization (Miller Monge, 1985; Smeltzer, 1991). Lewis and Seibold (1998) conclude that communication is at the heart of change adoption and implementation and that organizations would do well to employ communication strategies that emphasize information sharing, feedback, employee participation and influence, and collaboration. External communication links, which are often associated with boundary spanning, are critical to enhancing innovations since they provide opportunities for learning and for securing needed resources (Goes Park, 1997) and for the diffusion of ideas between and within organizations (Cziepel, 1975; Daft, 1978; Ghosal Bartlett, 1987: Kimberly, 1978; Robertson Wind, 1983). Such links are the mechanism that operationalizes environmental cues to the internal organizational structure (Corwin, 1972; Lozada Calantone, 1996; Spekman, 1979). In addition, business culture should be defined. OHair, Friedrich, Wiemann, and Wiemann (1997) have defined culture as the shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people. A groups culture includes the language or languages used by group members as well as the norms and rules about how behavior can appropriately be displayed and how it should be understood. (p. 9). Since innovation strategy often involves management of change, mergers, strategic alliances, joint ventures, and acquisitions, unexpected culture differences might lead to serious failures as demonstrated by a statistical study of foreign entry (Barkema, Bell, Pennings, 1996). The broader cultural context of multinational strategy involves an interaction between national culture and corporate culture. On the basis of Hofstedes research (1980, 1991), Schneider and Barsoux (1997) propose a national culture embedding for a particular corporate culture when innovation is the message. According to Cooley and Roach (1984), communication behaviors that are the reflection of an individuals competence are culturally specific and, hence, bound by the culture in which they are acted out. As a result, behaviors that are understood as a reflection of competence in one culture are not necessarily understood as competent in another (p. 13) Allens (1993) work shows that scientists and engineers need each other in the RD department of a technology-intensive company (TIC). Whereas technological innovations will fail without the knowledge provided by the scientists, few scientific insights will lead to innovation unless the engineers intervene. Innovations occur most quickly if the engineer pulls the scientist. If science leads to the fastest technical innovation when triggered by engineers (technology pulls science), communication may play a role in this process by formulating and implementing informal procedures in the strategic communication of an multinational firm. While scientists have the production of text as their main target and therefore depend heavily on the written word, engineers prefer to design and make concrete products and therefore prefer oral communication with the lay world of clients and suppliers (Allen, 1993). Multinational firms may need to pay more attention to the role of oral communication in strategic innovation and to use international business communicators as bridge builders between different professional cultures. As organization becomes global, organizations become structurally flatter, more interactive, increasingly knowledge-based, geographically scattered, and more culturally diverse. With this situation of business environment, companies should consider communication. Sustainable Competitive Advantage through HRM One of the keys to successful competition in the global market is the effective deployment of human resources to achieve a competitive advantage (Schuler, Dowling De Cieri, 1993). Over the past decade human resource management has gained stature as it increasingly comes to be seen as contributing to the overall effectiveness of the organization (Ferris, Russ, Albanese, and Martocchio, 1991). Organizations with motivated and committed employees can implement strategies better than those without them. Sustainable competitive advantage is the unique position that an organization develops in relation to competitors that allows it to outperform them consistently (Hofer and Schendel, 1978). As this definition suggests, advantage can only be achieved by establishing a clear and favorable differentiation from competitors. This difference must be tangible and measurable, and it must be preservable over time (South, 1981). Sustainable competitive advantages are fundamental to a firms long-run success. A sustainable competitive advantage is derived from a firms resources or capabilities that are unique to the firm, cannot be easily duplicated by competitors, and offer customers special value (Barney 1991; Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson 1995). Without sustainable competitive advantages, a firm cannot expect to make above-average returns in the long run. Management of human resources has been acknowledged as an important factor in developing sustainable competitive advantage (Pfeffer 1995; Lado and Wilson 1994; Kydd and Oppenheim 1990). Unlike other resources (plant and equipment or product design, for example), superior human resources tend to be very difficult for competitors to duplicate. Certain human resource management (HRM) practices have been identified as crucial to developing sustainable competitive advantage through human resources. These practices include selectivity in recruiting, high wages, training, performance-based rewards, job security, teamwork, flexibility, information sharing, and empowerment (Pfeffer 1995; Lado and Wilson 1994). According to Coyne (1986), competitive advantage is meaningful only if it is felt in the marketplace; that is, the differentiation must be perceived as an important buying criterion to a substantial customer base. Such an advantage will be sustainable, only if it cannot be imitated (Barney, 1991). In essence, a gap in the capability underlying the differentiation must distinguish the producer from its competitors; otherwise, competitors can erase the differentiation at will (Coyne, 1986). In order to create such a gap, the organization must deploy its unique combination of skills and resources to exploit environmental opportunities and neutralize threats. According to Barney (1991), three categories of firm-specific resources are available for sustainable competitive advantage: (1) Physical resources are those tangible elements used in a firms production process, ranging from its plant and equipment to its access to raw materials; (2) Organizational resources include the firms structure and processes, from strategic planning systems to reward and control processes; and (3) Human resources include the training, experience, judgment, relationships, and insight of individual managers and workers in a firm (Barney, p. 101). According to this model, the HRM system, in a manner similar to strategic planning and information processing systems, is an organizational resource with potential to become a source of competitive advantage. In this capacity, the HRM system is comprised of many of the firms vital processes. These include the recruitment, selection, appraisal, training, and retention of talented employeesactivities indispensable to firms seeking growth and prosperity. Examination of these activities reveals that the HRM system also has considerable influence over another potential advantagethe behavior of the organizations human resources. HRM system expertise can contribute to a meaningful and sustainable advantage. Barney (1991) argues that before a resource can contribute to a sustained competitive advantage, it must meet four conditions: (1) it must be valuable; (2) it must be rare; (3) it must be imperfectly imitable; and (4) it must lack strategically equivalent substitutes. A valuable organizational resource, or one which is capable of creating sustained competitive advantage, must enhance a firms ability to exploit environmental opportunities or neutralize threats (Barney, 1991). By enhancing a firms ability to cope with environmental circumstances, such a resource improves organizational efficiency and/or effectiveness. A firm will gain an advantage only when it implements a value-creating strategy not simultaneously implemented by large numbers of competing firms (Barney, 1991). If it holds scare resources that help it to exploit opportunities for gaining advantage over competitors is enhanced. HRM system can be viewed as valuable and rareproviding the organization with a competitive advantage. These advantages cannot as sustained, though, unless they are difficult to imitate (Barney, 1991). According to Barney (1991, p. 107), a resource can be imperfectly imitable, and therefore the source of sustainable competitive advantage, for one or a combination of three reasons: (1) the ability of the firm to obtain a resource is dependent upon unique historical conditions, (2) the link between the resource possessed by the firm is causally ambiguous, or (3) the resource generating a firms advantage is socially complex. A firms resource to be a source of sustained competitive advantage is that there must be no close substitutes for the resource which can be used to conceive and implement the same strategies (Barney, 1991). Transnational firms such as the Trend Micro choose to locate facilities based on the ability to effectively, efficiently, and flexibly produce a product or service, and to create synergies through the cultural differences. Production and research and development that benefit from uniform standards and scale economies tend to be centralized, whereas marketing and HRM tend to be decentralized to take advantage of local cultural differences (Griffin Pustay, 1996; Hannon, Huang Jaw, 1995). This creates the need for HRM systems that encourage flexible production, thus creating a host of HRM issues. Transnational firms proactively consider the cultures, human capital, political/legal and economic systems to determine locations where production facilities can be located to provide a competitive advantage. These firms have multiple headquarters spread across the globe, resulting in less hierarchically structured organizations that emphasize decentralized decision-making. This results in the need for human resource systems that recruit, develop, retain, and utilize managers and executives who are not only competent transnational but also are competent in decision-making in flattened, non-hierarchical organizations. Adler and Bartholomew (1992) point out that a transnational HR system should be characterized by three attributes, which they describe as transnational scope, transnational representation, and transnational process. The first attribute, transnational scope, refers to the fact that HR decisions must achieve a global, rather than a national or regional, scope. This creates the necessity to ensure that decisions reflect a balancing of the needs for uniformity (to ensure fair treatment of all employees) and flexibility (to meet the needs of employees in different countries). The second attribute, transnational representation, reflects the multinational composition of a firms managers. 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